Internet and smartphone-mediated problematic online behaviors have been conceptualized within a spectrum of related conditions associated with both shared and unique features and risk factors. Moreover, for a minority of vulnerable persons, excessive use of online applications (such as online video games, online sexual activities, on-demand streaming platforms, and social network sites) can become problematic and engender negative consequences and functional impairment. Nonetheless, during the last two decades, a growing number of studies reported links between problematic or uncontrolled digital technology use and various indices of psychological and health problems. Digital technology advancements have resulted in a wide range of applications, including improved communication, health, education, and leisure.
The use of the Internet and smartphones has become a global phenomenon.
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